Judaic Aramaic:ṭǝrīḳayyā 'a sort of wasps' [Ja. 554].
Tigrai (Tigriñña):ṭäḳäray 'specie di mosca che fa un miele molto ricercato; ordinariamente mielifica nelle spaccature delle euforbie' [Bass. 907].
Amharic:ṭǝḳur (in ṭǝḳur ǝnziz) 'hornet' [K 1228].
Number:2421
Proto-Semitic:*waran/l-
Meaning:kind of lizard
Akkadian:urnu 'Waran' SB [AHw. 1431]. Only in lexical lists (= Sum. MUS̆.SIG6.SIG6, Akk. ṣēru arḳu 'a green snake'). ЭТО НАДО ИЗУЧИТЬ!
Syrian Aramaic:yarlā 'lacerta' [Brock. 309], [PS add. 156], also yallā 'lacerta' [BK 301], [PS 1593]. Cf. also warnā and warrālā 'genus lacertae' [Brock. 186], [PS 1070], possibly Arabisms.
Arabic:waral- 'sorte de lézard d'Afrique plus grand que celui appelé ḍabb-, à la queue longue, à la tête petite, qui court très-vite et qui a du venin dans la tête et dans la queue' [BK 2 1525], [LA XI 744]. Also waran 'lézard' [Dozy II 806] (post-classical).
Mehri:rǝwōl 'varan' [JM 333].
Harsusi:rewōl 'waral, Varanus sp.' [JH 106].
Notes:According to [Zimmern 52], Arb. waran and Syr. warnā are borrowed from Akkadian which is most unlikely. [Fron. 296]: *warn- 'varano' (Arb., Syr., Akk.); [DRS 630]: (all forms except MSA, detailed discussion).
Number:2422
Proto-Semitic:*waw-at-
Afroasiatic etymology:Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning:kind of bird
Judaic Aramaic:wāwǝtā 'stork' [Ja. 376] (wātā according to [Levy WTM III 505]).
Hebrew:yaʕărā 'kid' [KB 423]. Hapax in Ps 29.9: ḳōl YHWH yǝḥōlēl ʔayyālōt // wayyäḥä̆ŝōp yǝʕārōt 'YHWH's voice causes labour pains to hinds // and brings forth premature kids (?)'. This rendering of the second colon (first proposed by Driver) makes it a perfect parallel to the first one and is probably to be preferred to the more traditio- nal 'stripping the forests' (e.g. [BDB 362]). Still, a slight improvement into 'and provokes premature births by mountain goats' (supported by the meaning of the Tgr. form below) would make the parallelism even better at the same time accounting for the fem. ending of yǝʕārōt.
Arabic:yaʕr- 'chevreau; chevreau que l'on attache ou jette dans une fosse pour attirer un lion ou un loup' [BK 2 1630], [Fr. 520], [LA V 301] (v. [Hommel 249). Note also yarʕ- 'veau' [BK 2 1626], [Fr. IV 518], yaraʕ- [LA VIII 413] likely related with metathesis (note that according to Lisān yaraʕ- means ʔawlādu baḳari-l-waḥši "calves of wild cows", i.e. Oryx).
Akkadian:urnīḳu 'Kranich ?' SB, LB [AHw. 1431]. More details see in [Salonen Vögel 286ff.] where a variant ḫurnīḳu is quoted (with ḫ < *ɣ, recognized already by Salonen: "Lautliche Variante ḫurnīḳu, die ausgezeichnet zum arab. ɣurnīq passt"). On this form see MSL VIII/2 167 (ḫur-ni-[...]), [Landsberger kurkû 258] (ḫur-ni-ḳu).
Arabic:ɣirnīḳ-, ɣurnūḳ-, ɣirnawḳ-, ɣurnayḳ- 'grue' [BK 2 461], [LA X 287] (extensively discussed in [Dozy II 210]).
Notes:A direct Akk. loan into Arb. is hardly tenable (contra [Zim- mern 51]; note that the term is not present in any Aramaic lan- guage). At the same time, both Akk. and Arb. terms are remar- kably similar to the IE terms for crane. Forms coming from areas relatively near geographically are of particular interest (Arm. ḳṛunk, Oss. zyrnaeg [Gamkrelidze-Ivanov 540]). Borrowed from an IE source independently into Akk. and Arb.?
Akkadian:arḫu 'cow' OB on [CAD a2 263], [AHw. 67]. // Found in a relatively small number of OB economical texts (v. discussion in [Stol 175-6]). In later periods mostly in literary texts (often under the logogram ÁB). For the meaing of a. cf. the LL opposing arḫu TUR-tú ša lā tūlidu 'the small a. which did not calve' and arḫu GAL ša tūlidu 'the big a. which calved'.
Ugaritic:ʔarḫ 'vaca, novilla' [DLU 49]. // Only in mytho-poetical texts, in particular applied to goddesses (ʔilht ʔarḫt 'goddesses-cows' in KTU 1.4 VI 50, ʕnt ʔarḫ bʕl 'Anat, Baʕlu's cow' in 1.13 29).
Canaanite:Amm. ʔrḥ 'young cow' [HJ 107]. // On the ostracon Heshbon 1.5 (ʔrḥ bt 2 'a two-year-old cow', cf. [Jackson 93]).
Aramaic: Dem. ʔrḫ 'cow' [HJ 1253].
Arabic:ʔirḫ- 'jeune taureau', ʔirh̊at- 'génisse' [BK 1 24], [Fr. I 25], [LA III 4] (in the last two sources, also ʔarḫ-, ʔurḫiyy-). Cf. also ʔirāḫ- 'antilope' ........
Tigrai (Tigriñña):ʔarḥi 'giovenca, vacca che non abbia ancora figliato' [Bass. 493], ʔarḥo 'toro' [ibid.].
Soqotri:ʔarḥ 'génisse' [LS 74].
Notes: Cf. Cha. Eža Msq. äre, Cha. ärạ̈, Sel. ǝri, ire, Sel. Eža Gyt äray, End. Enm. areʔ, Wol. ǝrǝččä, Sel. irǝččä 'cows' [LGur. 82]. Leslau considers these forms to be Cushitisms but at the // same time compares them with Soq. ʔerehon 'small cattle', semantically obviously inferior to the comparison with the present root. // Cf. Akk. turāḫu (tarāḫu) 'Bergziegenbock, Steinbock' OAkk. on [AHw. 1372] (in OAkk. as a PN only, well attested in OB, including Mari: DIS̆ izbum tu-ra-ḫu-um 'if the anomaly is a t.' Izbu III 36; АRM 18 12.19: ḳarnāt tu-ra-ḫi-im 't.'s horns'; v. [Salonen Jagd 195, 265] for further references) and Syr. ta(ʔ)rāḥā (tārūḥā) 'capra caucasica' [Brock. 834], [PS 4499]. // Related with tV-prefix and a meaning shift? At the same time, the Akk. term comes very close to its Sum. lexical correspondence DÀRA (read as du-ra-aḫ in early LL). Note also that in [DLU 137] Ugr. drḫ is translated as 'cabra montés' and compared to the Akk. and Syr. terms above, but the only passage where it is found is too fragmentary to support such and interpretation (1.82.37: ...]lk drḫm ...). As for Arb. taʔruḫ- quoted without translation in [Brock. 834], it is not found in any available Arabic dictionary, European or national, and most probably does not exist. // [Fron. 30]: *ʔarḫ- 'giovenca' (Soq., Arb., Ugr., Akk.); [DRS 32]: Akk., Arb., Ugr., Tgr. (not in [LH]), Tna., Soq.; [DLU 49]: Ugr., Akk.; [LS 74]: Soq., Arb., Akk., Tgr. (not in [LH]), Tna.
Number:2426
Proto-Semitic:*gVz-
Meaning:kind of bird of prey
Hebrew:PB. gaz (gas) 'name of a bird of prey, supposed to be falcon' [Ja. 228]
Judaic Aramaic:gazzā (bar gazzā) id. [ibid.], [Levy WTM I 316]. Sam. gaz 'a bird' [Tal 139]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):gʷǝzā, guzā 'bird of prey, falcon, hawk' [LGz. 210]
Amharic:gʷǝza 'a kind of hawk' [K 2029]
Notes:[LGz. 210]: Gez., Amh., Hbr. pB., Jud.
Number:2427
Proto-Semitic:*ḫuld-
Meaning:mole
Hebrew:ḥōläd 'mole' [KB 316], pB. ḥuldā 'mole; weasel', ḥuldatha-ssǝnāʔīm 'the porcupine' [Ja. 433]. Hapax in the dietary law Lv 11.29 (among unclean animals creeping on the ground (baššäräṣ haššōrēṣ ʕal-hāʔāräṣ).
Hebrew:ḥōl 'phoenix' [KB 297]. Hapax in Jb 29.18: wāʔōmar ʕim ḳinnī ʔägwāʕ // wǝkaḥōl ʔarbǟ yāmīm 'and I said: "I shall die in my nest but I shall prolong my days as phoenix"'. The present one is only one of may interpretations of this difficult passage (cf. [Pope 189-90]) but probably the most attractive one in vew of ḳēn 'nest' in the first colon. This was also the early Rabbinic exegesis (ḫ. is 'name of a fabulous bird (Phoenix)' according to [Ja. 433]).
Arabic:ʔaḫyal- 'faucon blanc de bon nid; oiseau à plumage bigarré, et regardé comme de mauvais augure' [BK 1 657], [LA XI 229] (see further [Nöldeke Beiträge 112]).
Notes:Not very reliable, scarcely attested.
Number:2429
Proto-Semitic:*ḫVmVl- ~ *ḫVlVm-
Afroasiatic etymology:Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning:kind of insect
Akkadian:ḫilammu (ḫilimmu) 'a locust' Elam, SB [CAD ḫ 184], [AHw. 345]. Known from lexical lists (equated to Akk. irgilu/irgiṣu and Sum. BURU5.GAL) as well as a few litarary passages. See further [Landsberger Fauna 123].
Mehri:ḫǝmlīt 'bug' [JM 444].
Jibbali:ḫamlɔ́t 'bug' [JJ 302].
Harsusi:ḫemlēt 'animal bug, pest' [JH 141].
Soqotri:ḥámla 'tick' [NP 65].
Notes:Not very reliable (metathesis combined with a somewhat vague semantic correspondence).
Akkadian:ḫanzizītu (ḫazzizētu) 'a green winged insect; a bird' SB [CAD ḫ 83], 'eine Art Holzwespe?' [AHw. 321]. In lexical lists (= Sum. NUM.SIG7.SIG7, NUM.ZU.RA.AH, Akk. kuzāzu, pilaḳ(ḳi) Ištar) and šumma ālu. The variant form ḫanzētu (ḫa-an-ze-e-tu) in KADP 12 III 29 quoted in [AHw.] is important for the comparison with Arb. ḫunzuwānat-.
Arabic:ḫunzuwānat- 'mouche qui s'attaque au chameau, s'introduit dans son nez et le tourmente' [BK 1 639], [Fr. I 531]. Not fully reliable (in national lexicography attested with the meaning 'pride, arrogance' only).
Tigrai (Tigriñña):ḥǝnǯiǯ 'specie di calabrone' [Bass. 58].
Notes:In [LGur. 78] Sel. zīzo, Wol. zizo 'May bug' are compared with the Eth. forms listed above (cf. rather *zīz-, No. ...). A number of forms, though not immediately comparable, exhibit a certain cimilarity to the present root: Akk. anzūzu 'a spider' SB [CAD a2 155], [AHw. 56] (cf. [Landsberger Fauna 138-9]); Arb. ḥuwwāz- 'grands scarabeés' [BK 1 513], [Fr. I 441], [TA XV 127] (different interpretation in [LA V 343]); Tgr. ḥǝnǯur 'wasp' (d'Abb.: 'scarabée')' [LH 86]. [LGur. 78]: Gur., Amh., Tna.
Number:2431
Proto-Semitic:*ḫVrVp-
Meaning:young sheep
Akkadian:ḫurāpu 'spring (lamb/kid)' OB on [CAD ḫ 245], [AHw. 357]. Only as an attribute (apposition?) accompanying terms for lambs (kalūmu) and (Nuzi only) goats (laliu).
Ugaritic:ḫpr-t 'cordera, oveja' [DLU 196] (metathesis). Hapax in 1.4 VI 48: špḳ ʔilm krm yn // špḳ ʔilht ḫprt [yn] 'he provided the "gods-rams" with wine, provided the "goddesses-ewes" with wine' (v. [Del Olmo Sheep 185-6]).
Judaic Aramaic:ḥurpā 'a young lamb' [Ja. 440] (also ḥorpītā 'early conceiving, vigorous sheep' [ibid. 505]).
Syrian Aramaic:ḥurpā 'annicula unius anni (ovis)' [Brock. 258], [PS 1380].
Mandaic Aramaic:hurpa 'a young animal: lamb, kid, colt' [DM 138].
Arabic:ḫarūf- 'agneau (quand il est déjà assez grand pour paître); poulain de six mois à un an', ḫarūfat- 'agneau femelle; pouline' [BK 1 562], [Fr. I 478], [Lane 726], [LA IX 66] (cf. [Hommel 238-9]). In the meaning 'chicken' possibly influenced by farḫ- id. with the same set of radicals.
Epigraphic South Arabian:Qat. ḫrwf (pl.) 'sheep' [Ricks 76]. Min. ḫrf-m 'moutons' [LM 44]. The Qat. term appears in In Q 898/9 (ʔrb[ʕ]twḫms1y ḫrwf '54 sheep') and the Min. one in M 179/2 (damaged context). For a critical analysis of both passages cf. [Sima 101] (according to Sima, understanding of the above forms as animal names is completely out of the question).
Harsusi:ḫerefōt 'little hare' [JH 142]. Note the meaning shift.
Notes:The term apparently denoted an animal younger than one year and is undoubtedly related to the PS *ḫrp 'to be early, to belong to the current year' and *ḫVr(V)p- 'autumn, year' (cf. [Rundgren Lamm]). However, it is clearly reconstructible as a PS nominal root though an exact vocalic reconstruction is difficult, presumably because of an accomodation to various derivational patterns in particular languages. [Fron. 29]: *ḫarup- 'ovino giovane' (Arb., Syr., Akk.); [DLU 196]: Ugr., Akk., Syr., Arb.; [Brock. 258]: Syr., Jud., Arb.
Hebrew:ʕōpär 'a young fallow deer' [KB 862]. In Cant only (ʕōpär hāʔayyālīm in 2.9,17 and 8.14, šǝnē ʕŏ- pārīm tǝʔōmē/toʔŏmē ṣǝbiyyā in 4.5 and 7.4).
Aramaic:Off. ʕpr 'young stag/gazelle' [HJ 879]. Hapax in an economic text (mšky ʕprn 'hides of stags' ATNS 99:2), cf. [Segal 108].
Arabic:ɣafr-, ɣufr- 'petit de chamois ou de chèvre, chevreau', ɣifr- 'veau' [BK 2 483], [Fr. III 85], [Lane 2273-4], [LA V 28].
Notes:Cf. comparable forms with ʕ in Arb.: yaʕfūr-,yuʕfūr- 'ga- zelle; petit de gazelle ou de biche' [BK 2 299], [Fr. III 184], [Lane 2091], [LA IV 585]. Note also Arb. ʕifr-,ʕufr- 'porc, verrat; petit cochon, pourceau' [BK 2 297], [Fr. III 183], [Lane 2089], [LA IV 584], somewhat distant semantically but, if rela- ted, still preserving the original meaning 'young of an animal'. [KB 862]: Hbr., Arb. (ɣufr-); [Hommel 283]: Arb. (ɣufr-), Hbr.
Akkadian:āribu (ēribu,ḫērebu) 'crow, raven' OB on [CAD a2 265], [AHw. 68]. One of the earliest attestations is the form ḫe-re-e-bu in the OB lexical list Proto-Diri 549 (peculiar because of ḫ < *ɣ). Note that the plene-spelling of the second syllable is hardly sufficient to postulate erēbu as the basic form of this lexeme as suggested in [Salonen Vögel 129] (which would be difficult to reconcile with both the comparative evidence and the Ebl. data quoted below).
Soqotri:ʔáʕreb 'crow' [Nakano 118] (aʕreb 'Egyptian vulture' according to [JH 45]).
Notes:Comparison of this root to Eth. forms like Amh. ḳura (alle- gedly < *ḳurab) suggested in [Leslau Contributions 40] cannot be accepted. [Fron. 295]: *ɣārib- 'corvo' (Mhr., Arb., Syr., Hbr., Akk.); [KB 879]: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Gez. (ḳura), Akk.; [Firmage 1155]: Akk., Hbr., Arm., Arb.
Number:2434
Proto-Semitic:*ɣVrVn-
Meaning:eagle
Akkadian:urinnu 'ein Adler' MB, SB [AHw. 1430]. Discussed in detail in [Landsberger Anzû 15] (cf. also [Sa- lonen Vögel 185]). Landsberger tends to accept Th. Bauer's opi- nion according to which u. is derived from the main Akk. term for eagle erû (a diminutive) observing, at the same time, a re- markable similarity to Hit. ḫara(n) and related IE terms. Both suggestions deserve further study; in the meanwhile, direct com- parison to Arb. ɣaran- (well acceptable both phonetically and semantically) is favoured.
Arabic:ɣaran- 'aigle' [BK 2 461], [LA XIII 312] (with a semantic discussion).
Akkadian:ḫuzālu, uzālu 'Gazellenjunges' (AHw. 362, 1447). The only ḫ-form is attested in the Practical Vocabulary of Aššur 383 (AMAR.MAS̆.DÀ = ḫu-[za]-lu). For ú-za-lu provided with the WS gloss ar-PI in the lexical list Emar 551 55' v. [Pentiuc 32-3]. Onomastic evidence with ḫ (in particular, forms with the feminine affix -(a)t-) partly quoted in [AHw.] and [CAD ḫ 265] is to be taken with cautions since it is not always certain whether the respective names are genuine Akkadian or West Semitic. Note that at least some of the OB ḫuzāl-names are treated as Amorite in [Streck 328, 332].
Judaic Aramaic:ʕwzl 'antilope' [Sok. 398]. Cf. ʔurzīlā 'a slender young animal; the young of the gazelle' [Ja. 33], [Levy WT I 61], [Levy WTM III 697] with ʔ- instead of ʕ- (in [Ja.] and ... ʕurzīlā is also quoted) and inserted -r-.
Syrian Aramaic:ʕūzaylā 'antilope; hinnuleus' [Brock. 519], [PS 2829]. Cf. ʕwzlʔ 'porcus' [Brock. 519], [PS 2852] (for the meaning shift cf. probably Arb. yaʕfūr-,yuʕfūr- 'gazelle; petit de gazelle ou de biche' [BK 2 299] vs. ʕifr-,ʕufr- 'porc, verrat; petit cochon, pourceau' [ibid. 297] (No. ...).
Arabic:ɣazāl- petit de gazelle; gazelle (mâle)', ɣazālat- 'gazelle (femelle)' [BK 2 465] [LA XI 492].
Notes:Gez. ḳazal 'kind of antelope' [LGz. 457] (+ Tna.!) are regarded as Arabisms by Leslau which is not unlikely. Note however that Eth. ḳ vs. Arb. ɣ is found by far not only in Arabisms.
Arabic:ḥaǯal- 'perdrix mâle' [BK 1 384], [LA XI 143]. Cf. also ḥāǯil- 'corbeau' [BK 1 384].
Tigre:ḥagäl 'guinea-fowl' [LH 98].
Notes:Common Semitic status uncertain since inter-Semitic borrowings are possible. Note that the Syr. term is an early one (present already in Peshitta) so that an Arb. loan in Syr. is unlikely. On the contrary, an Arb. borrowing in Tgr. is probable.
Number:2437
Proto-Semitic:*ḥargal-
Meaning:locust
Akkadian:irgilu 'a locust' OB (Mari), SB [CAD i 176], ergilu [AHw. 240]. Until recently, known mostly from lexical lists ([Landsberger Fauna 123]), but now attested in the OB Mari letter ARMT XXVII 64. The context suggests that e. were eaten (annikiam ašar ergilātim ibārūerḫizzu ul ibašše 'here, where they catch ergilu-locusts, there is no erḫizzu-locust', cf. [Lion-Michel 719]). The present term is usually identified with irgiṣu 'a locust' SB [CAD i 177], ergiṣu [AHw. 240] though a non-motivated shift l > ṣ is unusual (for some other possible examples see [CAD i 177, m1 44-5] (magillu/magiṣu). With the appearance of one more similar form (erḫizzu, see above) this problem becomes even more complicated.
Eblaitic:ir-gi-lum = NAM.KUR.MUS̆EN [MEE 4 1094]. Connected with the present root in [Baldacci 65].
Hebrew:ḥargōl 'kind of locust' [KB 350], pB. [Ja. 498]. Hapax in the dietary law Lv 11.22 (among clean insects).
Judaic Aramaic:ḥargōlā 'name of an edible locust' [Ja. 498], [Levy WT I 281].
Syrian Aramaic:ḥargālā 'gryllus' [Brock. 255], 'locusta major non alata' [PS 1367]. N.-Syr. ḫergūl 'a locust, cricket' [Maclean 105].
Arabic:ḥarǯalat- 'nuée de sauterelles' [BK 1 405], [Fr. I 363], [LA XI 149] (ʔal-ḳiṭaʕtu mina l-ǯarādi), ḥarǯal-, ḥarǯūl- 'espèce de sauterelle' [Dozy I 268]. Note that ḥarǯalat- is also applied to large groups of beings other than locusts (people, horses).
Notes:Etymological relevance of most of the above cognates was heavily underestimated in [Sima 32]. One willingly agrees with Sima's qualification of Jud. ḥargōlā (quoted by him as ḥargul) as a Hbr. loan since it is used exlusively to translate Hbr. ḥargōl in the Onqelos Targum to Lv 11.22. The Syriac picture is different, however, since ḥargālā is found not only in the corresponding passage of the Peshitta and Sima's belief that it was from this Biblical translation that the term is sichereingedrungen into Aramaic needs further argumentation. The same is valid for the Neo-Syriac form omitted from Sima's presentation (it is quoted without reference in Maclean's dictionary so that its sources - spoken or written? - are unknown. As for Arb. ḥarǯal- and ḥarǯūl-, Sima's statement that all the examples cited by Dozy come from Jewish Arabic sources probably needs some refinement, at least in what concerns the medical treatise by ʕAbdallāh ibn ʔAḥmad al-Andalusī (ibn al-Bayṭār) where it is described as a wingless locust with a large body. On the other hand, it is necessary to explain how did this Jewish Arabic term infiltrate into some dictionaries of Classical Arabic like [Hawa 118] (ḥarǯal- 'small wingless locust'). Finally, as clearly shown above, Akk. ergilu can hardly be defined as schlecht bezeugt given the new evidence from Ebla and Mari. Probably connected in spite of the phonetic irregularity is ʕrgl 'crop scourge (locust swarm?)' [SD 19] whose meaning and etymology is extensively discussed in [Sima 32]. The term is a hapax in Ja 610/7 (whwfyhmw ʔlmḳh bn brdm wʔrbym wʕrglm wbn kl ḳlmtm 'ʔlmḳh preserved them from cold, and locust, and ʕ., and all kinds of harmful insects') and the meaning 'kind of locust' fits the context admirably. As rightly pointed out in [Sima 32], Akk. e- may reflect both *ḥa- and *ʕa- so that a direct Akk.Sab. comparison is also possible. Sima further compares Arb. ʕarǯalat- 'nombreuse troupe d'hommes à pied' [BK 2 211] (with no faunal meaning). [Nöldeke Beiträge 89]: Hbr., Arm., Arb.; [KB 350]: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Akk.; [Brock. 255]: Syr., Arm., Arb., Hbr.; [Firmage 1155]: Hbr., Arm., Arb. (ḥarǯal-)
Number:2438
Proto-Semitic:*ḥarSap-
Meaning:small of animals, larva (?)
Akkadian:ḫarsapnu (ḫarasapnu, ḫarsapanu) SB [CAD ḫ 115], [AHw. 328]. Landsberger. In lexical lists only, equated to various terms denoting worms, larvae or sim. (kalmat suluppī, meḳḳānu, tūltum ṣaḫirtum, būrti šamḫat).
Arabic:ḥaršaf- 'petits de bestiaux ou d'oiseaux ou petites créatures' [BK 1 408], [LA IX 45].
Notes:Not very reliable both semantically and phonetically (both Akk. s vs. Arb. š and Akk. ḥ vs. Arb. ḫ are irregular though not without precedent).
Number:2439
Proto-Semitic:*hatVtVw/y-at-
Meaning:spider
Akkadian:ettūtu (ettītu,uttūtu) 'spider' OB on [CAD e 396], [AHw. 263]. Outside lexical lists, found in some literary texts (cf. [Landsberger Fauna 137]). Recently discovered in an OB divinatory text (a-tu-ut-tum, v. [Joannès 307-8]).
Tigre:hatatit 'spider' [LH 17].
Notes:Akk. ettūtu is apparently fem. in agreement (ettūtu GAL-tú in Landsberger Fauna 49:51, possibly also [šumma et]tūtuina A.S̆À A.GÀR ša-ta-a-at in CT 39 5:55) and its plural is et-tu-wa-tum. These facts suggest its analysis as *ettVw-t-, i.e. the consonantal root *Htw combined with the fem. marker. The Tgr. form can be analysed similarly (*hatatiy-t, cf. Akk. ettītu). Note *ha- > e- in Akk. (for similar examples cf. [SED I LXXV-VI]) except for the newly discovered a-tu-ut-tum. Comparison of Akk. ettūtu to PS *ʕankabVt_- is definitely impossible. Arumentation of this equation in [Landsberger Fauna 137] is unconvincing: even if a PS "Spielform" *ʕankūt- is assumed as possible, an evolution *-nk- > -tt- is hardly conceivable. Of interest is Akk. tu-ʔ-a/tu-ú́-ja 'Spinne' SB [AHw. 1364] equated to ettūtu in the lexical list MSL 8/2 62, 238. Note in this connection the Ancient Aramaic form twy in KAI 222 AI 28, almost certainly denoting a kind of harmful insect (convincing argumentation in favour of this interpretation see in [Tawil 59]; for a survey of other, mostly unconvincing suggestions, cf. [Fitzmyer 86] and [HJ 120]). At the same time, Tawil's comparison of the Arm. form to Akk. da-a-a-e 'kind of insect' is hardly tenable for phonetic reasons.
